indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
full moon; 15th day of the lunar month
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
with a flash; brightly; dazzlingly; sparklingly; brilliantly
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you; he
legendary beast; magical beast
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
how; in what way; how about
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
feeling; sense; impression
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)