indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
all present; all concerned; all of us
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
legendary beast; magical beast
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as