indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
kappa; mythical water-dwelling creature; excellent swimmer; cucumber; cucumber sushi wrapped in nori (seaweed)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
suffix for familiar person
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
clever; smart; sharp (ear, etc.); sensitive; discerning