indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all present; all concerned; all of us
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
full moon; 15th day of the lunar month
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof