indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
to set free; to let go; to release; to miss (e.g. a chance); to lose; to let get away
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
parliament; congress; diet; house (of parliament, etc.); chamber
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
than; from; out of; except; but; more
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to keep company; to listen to; to associate with; to play against (e.g. a team); to take on (e.g. a rival)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
older brother; elder brother
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!