indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(positive sentence end) I dare say; (negative sentence end) though, honestly
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
two reams (of paper); 1000 sheets (of paper); stanza; verse; tribe (in taxonomy); forecast (bet); bet which predicts the top 2 finishers (i.e. quinella or perfecta bet)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
adds force or indicates command
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to learn by experience; to learn one's lesson; to learn the hard way; to be discouraged (by); to have enough (of); to be disgusted (with)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh