indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
two persons; two people; pair; couple
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
king; monarch; ruler; champion
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
all present; all concerned; all of us
adds force or indicates command
Leo (constellation); the Lion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
fidelity; honour; honor; chastity (of a woman); faithfulness (e.g. to one's husband)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
brother (usu. in names of films, companies, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...