indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Leo (constellation); the Lion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
all present; all concerned; all of us
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
waking up; awakening; arousal; disillusion; disillusionment; awakening