indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
putting one's life on the line; staking one's life (on); risking one's life; life and death situation
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to begin a trip; to depart; to embark; to die; to pass away; to depart this life
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
secret; private; surreptitious
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
danger; peril; hazard; risk
hidden treasure; treasured article
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold fast; to protect to the end
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
understood; I see; OK; present; here
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish