indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
deep-seated grudge; hatred
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
aggression; invasion; raid
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cling to; to hold on to; to grapple; to set about doing; to begin; to take hold of
acting rashly; running wildly; runaway (process); reckless baserunning
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
sky; the skies; high-altitude sky; upper air
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to brace one's legs; to stand firm; to plant one's feet (firmly on the ground); to hold out; to persist; to make an effort
adds force or indicates command
go that far; to that extent
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
honorific/polite/humble prefix
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged