indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
myself; yourself; I; me; you
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
vehicle; horse-drawn carriage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
orbit; trajectory; railroad track; (right) track; proper course
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
how; in what way; how about
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till