indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
daikon (variety of large white Oriental radish, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus); ham actor
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
all present; all concerned; all of us
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
daikon (variety of large white Oriental radish, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus); ham actor
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
opening fully; full throttle; full power
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
oops; that's enough (when pouring up alcohol, etc.)