indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
fortune-telling; divination
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
adds force or indicates command
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
opening fully; full throttle; full power
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
myself; yourself; I; me; you
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)