suffix for familiar person
previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
I; me; myself; (arch.) we; (arch.) us; (arch.) ourselves
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
incidentally; taking the opportunity; while (you) are at it; on the occasion
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification
remodeling; remodelling; restructuring; modding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink
adds force or indicates command
pish; pooh; I see; oh; indeed
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah