indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to miss (capturing); to fail to catch; to let slip
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hurriedly; in a hurry; in haste; (arch.) sudden
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
training; drill; practice; discipline
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go in the direction of; to proceed toward; to become; to face (facts, circumstances, etc.); (arch.) to abide by; (arch.) to agree to
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
teacher; instructor; professor
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
adds force or indicates command
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to rot; to go bad; to corrode; to weather; to become useless; to blunt; to become depraved
perseverance; determination; tenacity; energy
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
correction; rectification; mending; repair
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to follow; to come along with one; to accompany
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
police; police officer; police station
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up