indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
all present; all concerned; all of us
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
gal (unit of gravitational acceleration)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
gotcha; alrighty; got it; OK