indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
gal (unit of gravitational acceleration)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
all present; all concerned; all of us
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
two persons; two people; pair; couple
I; me; myself; (arch.) we; (arch.) us; (arch.) ourselves
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
acting rashly; running wildly; runaway (process); reckless baserunning
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)