indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
two persons; two people; pair; couple
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
adds force or indicates command
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
all present; all concerned; all of us
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
gal (unit of gravitational acceleration)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)