indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
all present; all concerned; all of us
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
I; me; self-centered man; egotistical man; pompous man
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
your will; your pleasure; your wish; certainly; as you say; you are quite right
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
tradition; legend; folklore
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)