indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
all present; all concerned; all of us
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
youngster; boy; young Buddhist monk; young bonze; young shop-boy; errand boy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)