indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
lucky; nice!; score!; bingo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
go on!; right!; here goes!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
all present; all concerned; all of us
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
command; control; commander
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)