indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
announcement (esp. over public-address system); official announcement; formal information release
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
two persons; two people; pair; couple
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
transfer; redirection; transmission; forwarding (telephone call, e-mail, etc.)
union; coalescence; amalgamation; copulation; penetration
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
base (military, expedition, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
failure; mistake; blunder
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)