indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
transfer; redirection; transmission; forwarding (telephone call, e-mail, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
adds force or indicates command
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
announcement (esp. over public-address system); official announcement; formal information release
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
all present; all concerned; all of us
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you