indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
two persons; two people; pair; couple
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
glass (drinking vessel); glass (material); glasses (eyewear)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
people; men and women; each person; everybody
training; drill; practice; discipline
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
transfer; redirection; transmission; forwarding (telephone call, e-mail, etc.)
special directive; special order; special mission; special appointment
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)