pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
special; particular; peculiar; unique
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
all; entire; whole; altogether
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
number one; first; best; most; game; round
solid; firm; stout; burly; strong; sturdy
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
unwillingly; grudgingly; shaking head in refusal (like a child); no!; no no!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing