indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all present; all concerned; all of us
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
lightning; flash of lightning; lightning bolt
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
third month of the lunar calendar; (arch.) thick growth (of grass, etc.); Yayoi period (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE); Yayoi culture
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!