indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all present; all concerned; all of us
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fighting spirit (in sport); tenacity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
third month of the lunar calendar; (arch.) thick growth (of grass, etc.); Yayoi period (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE); Yayoi culture
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
passing (a test, examination, etc.); pass (for admission, transport, etc.); ticket; pass (of a ball); (giving something a) pass; skipping (one's turn)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!