indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
light; right; right field; right fielder
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
ancient Shinto music and dancing
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
all present; all concerned; all of us
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)