indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
light; right; right field; right fielder
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
all present; all concerned; all of us
pawn (chess piece); boing; sproing (e.g. sound of releasing a spring); flipping through the air; tossing
ancient Shinto music and dancing
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares