indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all present; all concerned; all of us
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
ancient Shinto music and dancing
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
light; right; right field; right fielder
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
together (with); at the same time; in a lump