indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
all present; all concerned; all of us
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
light; right; right field; right fielder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to recall; to remember; to recollect
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
wagon; tea wagon; teacart; station wagon; estate car
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work