indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
festival; feast; carnival
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ancient Shinto music and dancing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
all present; all concerned; all of us
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares