indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ancient Shinto music and dancing
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
each time; frequently; always
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
light; right; right field; right fielder
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
my; one's own; personal; privately owned
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
suffix for familiar person
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
all present; all concerned; all of us
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
now; the present time; just now; another; more