indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
all present; all concerned; all of us
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
marlin; swordfish; spearfish; sailfish
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
nobleman; dignitary; feudal lord (of the Edo period); daimyō; man brought up away from the world; arrogant man with little knowledge of the ways of the world
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity