indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
all present; all concerned; all of us
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
older sister; lass; young lady
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
myself; yourself; I; me; you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and