indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nobleman; dignitary; feudal lord (of the Edo period); daimyō; man brought up away from the world; arrogant man with little knowledge of the ways of the world
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
(present) head of a family
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
same country; same province; the (said) country
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
adds force or indicates command
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
body double; double; wire puller; person behind the scenes; shadow commander
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to be silent; to say nothing
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
this world; this life; world of the living
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
all present; all concerned; all of us
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)