indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
(logical) true; regular; 10^40; ten thousand undecillion; original; positive
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
all present; all concerned; all of us
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
family; members of a family
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
suffix for familiar person
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise