indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
older sister; lass; young lady
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
nobleman; dignitary; feudal lord (of the Edo period); daimyō; man brought up away from the world; arrogant man with little knowledge of the ways of the world
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
same country; same province; the (said) country
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?