indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
suffix for familiar person
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
being without a name; being nameless; namelessness
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!