indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
valley; ravine; gorge; canyon
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
oh; oh my; oh dear; well, ...; er ...; why, ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
considerably; fairly; quite; rather; pretty
(fighting) spirit; motivation; shout (for getting in the right mood to deal with something, etc.); cheer; kiai; short shout when performing an attacking move
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
white stone; white (go pieces)
so-so; passable; now, now; there, there; my, my; oh my!
anyway; anyhow; setting aside ...; regardless of ...; really; truly
bamboo grass; generally smaller species of running bamboo that do not shed their sheaths (e.g. Sasa spp.)
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time; it's been a long time; long time no see
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
nice to meet you; I'm glad to make your acquaintance; how do you do?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
then; and (then); in that case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
wife; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); trimmings; accompaniment; side (remark)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; person with a strong backbone; person that does incredible things; person of considerable talent
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...