warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
regular; well-regulated; systematic; orderly
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
practice; practising; training; study
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yawn; yawning; kanji "yawning" radical (radical 76)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
long ago; already; a long time ago
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
evening; last night; yesterday evening
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to draw through one's hand; to stroke (e.g. a beard); to work someone hard; to masturbate
keep ...-ing; have been ...-ing; leaving (something) on; leaving (something) still in use
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to complain; to make a complaint
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
self-consciousness; self-awareness
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
mole; lentigo; beauty spot
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
changing clothes; change of clothes
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
to see (a doctor, etc.); to consult (someone)
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible