indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
suffix for familiar person
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
groan; moan; roar; growl; buzz; hum (e.g. motor)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
God bless me!; Good heavens!
same country; same province; the (said) country
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not