backbiting of a coward; grumblings of a loser
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
crevice; crack; spare moment; interval; chink (in one's armor, armour); unpreparedness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
tirthika; non-Buddhist teachings; heterodoxy; unorthodoxy; demon; devil
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
being without a name; being nameless; namelessness
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
extermination (e.g. of pests, demons, bandits); elimination; making someone renounce worldly desires in order to concentrate on Buddha's teachings; curing illness
this world; this life; world of the living
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
nobleman; dignitary; feudal lord (of the Edo period); daimyō; man brought up away from the world; arrogant man with little knowledge of the ways of the world
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to inherit; to succeed; to take over
secretly; in secret; unseen; unobserved; inwardly; in private
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as