indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
vexed; irritated; fretful; shaggy; bushy; ragged
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
all present; all concerned; all of us
road; path; way; set of practices; Buddhist teachings; Taoism; modern administrative region of Japan (Hokkaido)
master; teacher; stable master
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
reflection; reconsideration; introspection; regret; repentance; remorse
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
same country; same province; the (said) country
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage