indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
supermarket; subtitles; telop; superheterodyne; super
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
adds force or indicates command
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
space development; space exploration
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
strangeness; abnormality; disorder