indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
firing (esp. a rocket or missile); launching; shooting; ejaculation
dial (e.g. telephone, radio, clock, gauge)
cotton; cotton pads (usu. in amenity set); cotton buds
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
candidate; contender; prospect; candidacy; candidature; nomination
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
study; research; investigation
supermarket; subtitles; telop; superheterodyne; super
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
than; from; out of; except; but; more
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle