here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
international; diplomatic intercourse
space development; space exploration
research establishment; research institute; laboratory
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
composition; construction; formation; makeup; structure; organization
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
by means of; due to; because of; according to
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
10,000,000,000; ten billion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
food shortage; food scarcity; difficulty of obtaining food
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward