indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
astonished; stunned; startled out of one's wits; thunderstruck; open-eyed astonishment
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(in) dire straits; (in a) serious bind; (in a) big pinch
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
disturbance; trouble; ups and downs
presentiment; premonition; hunch; to have a premonition; to have a hunch
swordsman; swordswoman; fencer
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to spoil; to ruin; to destroy; to make a mess of
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
failure; mistake; blunder
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to collect; to gather; to arrange; to put in order; to make uniform; to make even
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to collect; to assemble; to gather