indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
wise person; virtuous person; sage; unrefined sake
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
door; gate; opening; title page
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
all (there is); as long as there is
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
adds force or indicates command
before very long; soon; someday; of the previously mentioned; of that number; among them
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
matter of time; question of time
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose