indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
five; five years of age; eight o'clock (old time system)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
pillar; post; support; prop; counter for buddhas, gods, nobles, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
connection; link; relationship
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
wise person; virtuous person; sage; unrefined sake
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful